sigmai

Sigma_i (often written with a lowercase i as a subscript) is a generic indexing convention used in many fields to denote the i-th element of a family of quantities labeled sigma. Because "sigma" stands for different concepts in different disciplines, the meaning of sigma_i is not fixed and must be inferred from context and accompanying notation.

In statistics and data analysis, sigma_i commonly denotes the standard deviation of the i-th variable in a multivariate distribution, or the i-th residual standard deviation in hierarchical models. It may also denote the standard deviation of a Gaussian noise term associated with the i-th component of a vector.

In physics and engineering, sigma_ij represents components of a tensor such as the stress tensor in continuum mechanics. The trio sigma_1, sigma_2, sigma_3 is also used in quantum mechanics to denote the Pauli matrices, which describe spin operators along the x, y, and z axes. These matrices have standard forms and play a fundamental role in describing two-level quantum systems.

In mathematics and computer science, sigma_i is often used simply as the i-th element of a sequence or array, or as an indexed parameter within a summation, for example in sums over i.

Because of these varied uses, the exact interpretation of sigma_i should be verified from the definitions provided in each source. The surrounding notation, units, and the broader context are essential for determining its meaning.