shapka

Shapka is the Russian word for a hat or cap. In English-language reference works, it is used to denote headwear of Russian origin or style, particularly winter hats made of fur or felt. The term is widely used in Russia and neighboring countries and has entered some languages via loanwords.

Etymology and usage: The word shapka is borrowed from Turkic languages, most likely from Turkish şapka meaning hat. It entered Russian in the early modern period as contact with Turkic peoples increased, and it has since appeared in nearby languages as a general term for headwear.

Types and construction: Shapka covers a range of designs. Common examples include ushanka, a fur hat with ear flaps that can be tied up or down; papakha, a tall wool hat worn in the Caucasus; and karakul, a soft fur hat made from lamb fur. It also encompasses felt and wool caps without ear flaps. The term is used broadly to refer to winter headwear rather than a single uniform shape.

Cultural significance and modern usage: In Russian and Soviet culture, shapka, especially the ushanka, became a recognizable symbol of winter and of military and police uniforms in the 20th century. Today it remains a practical winter item and a cultural motif in fashion, film, and literature. Materials range from fur (such as mouton or karakul) to felt, wool, and knit fabrics. Care typically involves keeping fur clean and dry, brushing the surface, and storing in a cool, dry place.