shamis

A shamis is a traditional musical instrument primarily associated with the music of the Middle East and North Africa, particularly in countries such as Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Jordan. The name "shamis" is derived from the Arabic word "shams," meaning "sun," though its exact origin remains debated among scholars. The instrument is a type of long-necked lute, closely related to the oud, though it typically features a larger body and a distinct tuning system.

The shamis is characterized by its pear-shaped body, made from wood such as cedar or sycamore, and a long, fretless neck with a curved fingerboard. It usually has 11 or 12 strings, arranged in pairs that are tuned in unison or octaves. The instrument is played with a plectrum, often made of tortoiseshell or plastic, and produces a warm, resonant sound with a rich, mellow tone. Its construction and playing style contribute to its role in both solo performances and ensemble settings, particularly in classical and folk music traditions.

Historically, the shamis has been used in various musical genres, including maqam-based classical music, as well as in traditional folk songs and ceremonial music. It gained prominence in the 19th and early 20th centuries as part of the Ottoman classical music tradition, where it was often paired with other instruments like the qanun, violin, and ney. Today, the shamis remains an important instrument in Middle Eastern music, appreciated for its expressive capabilities and cultural significance.

Musicians such as the late Egyptian oud player Muhammad al-Qasabgi and Lebanese composer Rabih Abou-Khalil have contributed to the instrument's enduring legacy, incorporating it into modern compositions while preserving its traditional role. The shamis continues to be studied and performed by both classical musicians and contemporary artists, reflecting its adaptability and enduring appeal in Middle Eastern musical culture.