seramik

Seramik, in the broad sense, refers to materials and objects made from inorganic non-metal compounds that are hardened by firing at high temperatures. The term encompasses traditional pottery and tiles as well as modern engineering ceramics used in industry. Ceramics are typically crystalline or glassy in structure and exhibit high hardness, low electrical conductivity, and chemical inertness.

Raw materials include clays (kaolin, ball clay), silica sand, and fluxes such as feldspar, which form a ceramic body after shaping and firing. The production typically involves preparing a plastic body, forming it into a desired shape, drying, bisque firing to drive off moisture, applying glaze if desired, and a final glaze firing to fuse the glaze and mature the structure.

Traditional ceramics include earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Advanced or technical ceramics cover materials such as alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia, used for wear parts, cutting tools, electronics substrates, and medical implants. Glazes provide color, texture, and a protective, glassy surface.

Applications span art and craft, construction (tiles, bricks), sanitaryware, tableware, and high-tech components in aerospace, electronics, and medicine.

Sustainability: Ceramic production can be energy-intensive, and responsible practices focus on energy efficiency, recycling of waste materials, and minimizing emissions. Safety: handling fine ceramic powders can pose inhalation hazards; proper ventilation and respiratory protection are important.