sentralbanks

Sentralbanks, also called central banks, are the monetary authorities of countries or currency unions. They issue the national currency, manage the money supply, and conduct monetary policy to maintain price stability and support sustainable economic growth. They also oversee the banking system, act as lenders of last resort during crises, and serve as the government’s banker and debt manager. In many economies, central banks are responsible for payments systems and broader financial stability, and they may have regulatory roles over banks.

Policy tools commonly include setting benchmark interest rates, determining reserve requirements for commercial banks, and conducting open market operations. In advanced economies, central banks may also engage in unconventional measures such as asset purchases (quantitative easing) and balance sheet management. The exact mandates and powers of sentralbanks are defined by law and can vary by country or region.

Independence from short-term political influence is a common feature, though central banks remain accountable through reporting to legislatures, audits, and other oversight mechanisms. Credibility and governance practices are important for maintaining trust in the currency and in the financial system.

Notable examples include the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the European Central Bank for the euro area, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the People’s Bank of China, the Bank of Canada, and the Reserve Bank of Australia. Some economies belong to currency unions with a single central bank for multiple nations. The role of sentralbanks continues to evolve alongside financial innovation, globalization, and changing macroeconomic challenges.