selfactualisation

Self-actualisation, also spelled self-actualization, refers to the process of realizing and developing one’s talents, abilities, and potential to their fullest extent. The term is most closely associated with psychologist Abraham Maslow, who presented it as the pinnacle of his hierarchy of needs. Self-actualisation is viewed as an ongoing, dynamic pursuit rather than a fixed end state, marked by growth, fulfillment, and authenticity.

Origin and theory: In Maslow’s framework, human needs are arranged in a hierarchy from basic physiological requirements to safety, love and belonging, esteem, and finally self-actualization. Once the lower-order needs are satisfied, individuals can strive for personal growth and self-actualization. This state involves realizing inner potential, creativity, autonomy, and realistic perceptions of reality, sometimes accompanied by peak experiences—moments of intense joy or insight.

Characteristics and manifestations: People who achieve or strive toward self-actualisation tend to exhibit creativity, problem-solving ability, spontaneity, and a deep sense of purpose. They may form meaningful relationships, act with ethical integrity, accept themselves and others, and pursue goals aligned with their values rather than external rewards.

Criticism and debates: The concept has been criticized for being culturally biased toward Western, individualist ideals and for its broad, difficult-to-measure definition. Some scholars view the hierarchy as overly simplistic or speculative, and others emphasize alternative frameworks for well-being, such as eudaimonia or flourishing, understood across cultures.

In practice: Self-actualisation informs various domains, including psychotherapy, education, coaching, and personal development. It is used to describe growth-oriented aims, lifelong learning, and the realization of personal potential, while acknowledging that pathways to self-actualisation vary among individuals.