selenology

Selenology is the scientific study of the Moon, encompassing its origin, composition, internal structure, geology, surface processes, and evolutionary history. It is closely allied with selenography, the cartography and description of surface features, but selenology emphasizes the processes and material properties that shape the Moon’s body.

Research draws on telescopic observations, robotic and crewed missions, and laboratory analysis of lunar samples. Key methods include geological mapping, remote sensing of mineralogy, precise laser ranging and gravity measurements, seismology, and radar imaging. Topics include crustal structure and differentiation, mare versus highland geology, impact cratering, volcanic activity, regolith formation, and the distribution of volatiles such as water ice.

Historically, selenology advanced from naked-eye observations to spaceflight-driven science. The Apollo program and Soviet Luna missions returned data and samples that established foundational knowledge about geology and age dating. Later orbital missions, such as LRO, GRAIL, Kaguya, Chandrayaan, and others, provided high-resolution maps and global measurements that refined models of the Moon’s interior and surface processes.

Today selenology supports planetary science by enabling comparative studies with other rocky bodies and by informing exploration and resource assessment for future missions. Ongoing research seeks to resolve questions about the Moon’s origin, thermal evolution, and potential resources, while continuing to improve the geological timeline of lunar history.