scrummaging

Scrummaging refers to the act of forming and contesting a scrum, a key set-piece in rugby union and, to a lesser extent, in rugby league. The scrum restarts play after certain infringements or ball out of play, pitting two rival packs of forwards against each other in a push for possession.

Each scrum consists of eight players from each team. The front row comprises the loosehead prop, the hooker, and the tighthead prop. Behind them are two second-row forwards (locks), and two back-row players (flankers) with the number eight at the rear. The scrum-half from the team awarded the scrum feeds the ball into the tunnel between the packs, where it is contested by the players and eventually worked back toward the scrum-half or out to the back via the platform.

Before the ball is put in, players assume their positions and bind to teammates. Referees use an engagement sequence such as “crouch, bind, set” to promote safety; previously the sequence included “crouch, touch, pause, engage.” The ball is rolled into the tunnel, and the hookers attempt to strike it with their feet to secure it for their team, who then drive and pivot the scrum to gain or retain possession.

The ball exiting the scrum may come from the back of the pack, enabling the scrum-half to continue play or a backline move to develop. A team may contest the ball, but the opposing pack can cause the scrum to bend, wheel, or reset.

Infractions such as early engagement, collapsing, wheel, or illegal binding can lead to penalties or free kicks. Scrummaging is physically demanding and carries risk of neck and back injuries, so technique, conditioning, and strict enforcement of the rules are essential.