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sciencesektor

The sciencesektor, or science sector, is the part of an economy and society that generates scientific knowledge and technological capabilities through research and development. It encompasses basic and applied research, development activities, and mechanisms for knowledge transfer to industry and society. It includes public and private actors, academia, research institutions, and R&D-intensive firms.

Key actors include universities, government laboratories, independent research institutes, private companies' R&D departments, startups, venture capital,

Funding and governance: funded by public budgets, competitive grants, philanthropy, and corporate funding; governance often involves

Trends and challenges: increasing emphasis on open science, reproducibility, data sharing, international collaboration; globalization of research;

and
non-profits.
Infrastructure
consists
of
laboratories,
computational
resources,
data
repositories,
and
academic
journals.
The
sector
interacts
with
education,
industry,
and
policy.
ministries,
science
councils,
funding
agencies,
and
ethics/regulatory
bodies.
Outputs
include
peer-reviewed
publications,
patents,
licenses,
spin-offs,
training
of
researchers,
and
societal
impacts.
The
use
of
knowledge
sometimes
involves
technology
transfer
offices
and
incubation
programs.
digital
tools;
recruitment
and
retention
of
talent;
gender
equality;
research
integrity
and
ethical
concerns;
pressure
to
demonstrate
return
on
investment;
disparities
between
regions.