sanatana

Sanatana is a Sanskrit adjective meaning eternal, perpetual, or timeless. The word is widely used in Hindu philosophical and religious contexts to denote ideas that are considered universal and enduring rather than contingent or historical.

In Hinduism, sanātana is often paired with dharma in the phrase sanātana dharma, commonly translated as the eternal order, duty, or path. This framing emphasizes principles believed to underlie the cosmos and human conduct—such as moral duties, righteousness, and spiritual truths—that are thought to be universal and not restricted to a particular era or community. The concept encompasses a range of beliefs and practices that various traditions within Hinduism might express differently, including pathways of devotion (bhakti), knowledge (jnana), and action (karma).

Historically, the exact origin and scope of sanātana dharma as a unified doctrine are debated. The idea of an eternal, universal order has roots in early Vedic concepts like rta, but the explicit designation sanātana dharma is more prominent in later Hindu literature and self-understandings. In modern usage, the term is often employed to emphasize the continuity of Hindu ideals with ancient sources, while acknowledging the diversity of beliefs and practices within Hindu communities. Some scholars distinguish between the timeless principles implied by sanātana and the wide variety of religious practices labeled as Hinduism.

The term sanatana also appears as a given name in South Asia and among diaspora communities. It is used both in scholarly discussion and by practitioners to evoke a sense of timeless spiritual principles underlying Hindu thought.