salivatie

Salivatie, also known as salivation, is the physiological production and secretion of saliva by the salivary glands. In humans, the major glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, with numerous minor glands distributed throughout the oral mucosa. Saliva is a complex fluid composed mainly of water, electrolytes, mucus, enzymes (notably salivary amylase), antibodies, and buffering agents.

Salivation is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic stimulation promotes a copious, watery saliva, while sympathetic activity yields a smaller volume that is richer in protein. The stimulated flow rate increases during eating and decreases at rest, with typical daily production ranging from about 0.5 to 1.5 liters.

Functions of saliva include lubrication and protection of oral tissues, initiation of starch digestion, facilitation of taste, cleansing of the mouth, buffering of acids, and antimicrobial activity through enzymes and proteins such as lysozyme and lactoferrin. Saliva also contributes to remineralization of teeth by delivering calcium and phosphate ions.

Clinical relevance arises from variations in salivation. Hyposalivation or xerostomia (dry mouth) reduces lubrication and can raise the risk of dental caries and infections; causes include dehydration, medications (such as anticholinergics and some antidepressants), diabetes, autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome), and radiation therapy to the head and neck. Hypersalivation (ptyalism) can occur with certain neurological conditions, pregnancy, or infections. Assessment may involve sialometry or saliva testing.