saffier

Saffier, the Dutch term for sapphire, is a precious gemstone and a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide, Al2O3). Pure corundum is colorless, but trace elements produce a wide range of colors. The most familiar is blue, caused by iron and titanium; other colors include yellow, orange, pink, green, and purple. Red corundum is classified as ruby, not sapphire; pink and orange-pink stones known as padparadscha are among the widely sought fancy sapphires.

Sapphires form in metamorphic and magmatic environments and are mined from primary deposits and alluvial sources in many regions. The most famous blue sapphires come from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Kashmir, with significant production in Madagascar, Australia, and the United States. Gem-quality sapphires are often included and can display asterism or color zoning; trace elements and growth conditions influence hue, saturation, and tone.

Key properties include a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making sapphire one of the hardest natural gemstones and highly resistant to scratching. They have a vitreous luster and a refractive index around 1.76–1.77. Inclusions and growth patterns help distinguish natural sapphires from synthetic or treated stones. Treatments commonly include heat to improve color and clarity; some sapphires may undergo diffusion or fracture-filling, though disclosure is standard in reputable markets.

Sapphires are widely used in jewelry for their durability and range of colors. Industrial-grade sapphires and lab-grown varieties are employed in watch crystals, optical components, and scientific instruments due to their hardness and transparency.