rúdra

Rudra is a Vedic deity associated with storms, the hunt, and destruction, but also with healing and benevolence. He is often depicted as a fierce and powerful god, sometimes described as having a thousand eyes. Rudra is considered a precursor to the Hindu god Shiva, and many of his attributes and epithets are later associated with Shiva. In the Rigveda, Rudra is invoked as a protector and a source of boons, despite his fearsome nature.

The name "Rudra" itself is thought to derive from the Sanskrit word "rud," meaning "to roar" or "to cry out," reflecting his association with thunder and storms. He is also sometimes called "Shiva" in his milder, auspicious aspect. Rudra's worship is found in ancient Vedic sacrifices, where offerings were made to appease him and gain his favor. Hymns dedicated to Rudra often highlight his dual nature – his destructive power and his capacity for protection and healing.

In later Hindu traditions, Rudra's identification with Shiva becomes more pronounced. Many of Shiva's iconic symbols and roles, such as his association with the Himalayas, his trident (trishul), and his meditative posture, can be traced back to the descriptions of Rudra in the Vedas. The concept of Rudra as the cosmic dancer (Nataraja) and the destroyer of evil also finds its roots in the Vedic deity. His worship continues in various forms within Hinduism, often as a powerful deity invoked for strength and protection.