rzymskimi

Rzymskimi is the instrumental form of the Polish adjective rzymski (Roman). It is commonly used in phrases describing something written or expressed in Roman numerals, for example zapisać liczbę rzymskimi cyframi. As a standalone word, rzymskimi does not denote a separate system; it indicates the use of the Roman numeral notation. In Polish, the more typical noun form for the system is liczby rzymskie or notation rzymska.

Roman numerals constitute a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained in use in various contexts for many centuries. The system is based on seven symbols: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500) and M (1000). Numbers are formed by combining symbols from largest to smallest and adding their values, with subtractive notation used to avoid repeating the same symbol four times in a row (for example IV for 4, IX for 9, XL for 40, XC for 90, CD for 400, CM for 900). In modern practice, standard Roman numerals usually cover up to 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). For larger values, overlines or alternative conventions may be used to indicate multiplication by 1000.

Usage of Roman numerals appears in clock faces, chapter headings, movie or event dates, and in the designation of monarchs and popes (for example Henry II, Louis XIV). In Polish and many other languages, the phrase rzymskimi cyframi or notacja rzymska is used to refer to this notation. The system is valued for stylistic and traditional purposes, rather than for everyday arithmetic.