rugódamper

A rugódamper is a mechanical device that combines a spring and a damper to control motion and absorb energy from relative movement between two bodies. The spring provides a restoring force proportional to displacement, while the damper dissipates kinetic energy as heat, smoothing motion and reducing vibrations and shocks.

Construction and principle: In typical implementations, a rugódamper consists of a spring (coil, gas, or elastomer) positioned in relation to a damper (hydraulic, pneumatic, or viscous). When the connected parts move, the relative displacement x generates a spring force kx and a damping force c x'. The resultant resistive force is F = kx + c x'. In automotive suspensions, the common arrangement is a coil spring paired with a hydraulic shock absorber inside a single unit, often referred to as a coilover.

Types and applications: Rugódampers can be passive, with fixed stiffness k and damping c, or semi-active, where damping is adjusted in response to sensors (for example using variable valving or magnetorheological fluids). Active systems add actuators to modify forces beyond passive limits. Applications include vehicle suspensions to improve ride comfort and handling, vibration isolation for machinery and buildings, precision equipment, and robotics.

Performance and design considerations: Design involves trade-offs between ride quality and dynamic stability. Damping is often rate-dependent and nonlinear, with temperature, wear, and leaks affecting performance. Regular maintenance may include checking seals, fluid levels, and gas pressure in gas-filled dampers. Proper selection depends on expected loads, motion ranges, and the desired balance between softness and control.

See also: Shock absorber; Spring (mechanical); Vibration isolation; Mass-spring-damper model; Semi-active suspension.