retinából
The retina is the light‑sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye, extending from the optic disc to the ora serrata. It is composed of seven distinct layers that together transduce photons into neural signals and perform the initial stages of image processing before transmission to the brain via the optic nerve. The most superficial layer is the pigment epithelium, which absorbs stray light and provides metabolic support. The outer plexiform layer contains synapses between photoreceptors—rods and cones—and bipolar cells. Rods predominate in peripheral retina, enabling sensitivity in dim light, while cones are concentrated in the fovea, providing high‑resolution, color vision under bright illumination. Beneath the outer plexiform layer lie the retinal nuclear layers: the photoreceptor nuclei, the bipolar cell nuclei, and the ganglion cell nuclei. The ganglion cell axons converge at the optic disc to form the optic nerve, which carries visual information to the brain.
The retina’s structure is reflected in its diverse functions. In addition to phototransduction, it supports circadian
Modern research continues to explore retinal regeneration, neuroprosthetic interfaces, and gene therapies aimed at correcting inherited