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Rekultivatsioon refers to the process of restoring degraded or abandoned land to a productive or ecologically functional state. It encompasses physical, chemical, and biological methods intended to reestablish soil structure, fertility, hydrology, vegetation, and ecosystem services. Rekultivatsioon is commonly applied to lands disturbed by mining, quarrying, overuse of soil, pollution, or natural disasters, and to former agricultural areas that have deteriorated.

Typical methods include reshaping and stabilizing terrain, drainage or water management, soil amendments (organic matter, lime to adjust pH, fertilizers), replacement of topsoil, erosion control, and the establishment of vegetation through seeding or planting, often with native species. Remediation techniques such as phytoremediation may be used to reduce contaminants. The process also involves monitoring and adaptive management to assess soil and ecosystem recovery.

Outcomes may include reduced erosion, improved soil health, restoration of habitats, reestablishment of biodiversity, and enhanced land value or use potential, from forestry to agriculture or recreation. Economic and environmental costs, timeframes, and the risk of invasive species or insufficient revegetation are common considerations.

Examples of rekultivatsioon projects include rehabilitation of mined lands, reclaimed industrial browfields, and restoration of degraded wetlands or croplands in various regions. The approach is often guided by environmental regulations and restoration ecology principles.

See also: ecological restoration, land reclamation, soil remediation, phytoremediation, habitat restoration.