regionalism

Regionalism is a political, social, and economic process in which a geographic region seeks to advance its interests within a larger state or international framework. It can take the form of political devolution and regional autonomy, economic integration and development programs, and the cultivation of regional identity and culture. Regionalism may reflect governance needs (subnational authorities managing health, education, and transport); economic aims (coordinating infrastructure, trade, or industrial policy); or cultural-political assertion (language rights, heritage). It is distinct from nationalism in that it emphasizes regional diversity within a broader polity rather than a single national identity, but it can also challenge central authority or contribute to secessionist movements.

Historically, regionalism emerged with modernization, decentralization, and decolonization, and has expanded with globalization and the growth of regional blocs. Modern regionalism includes the European Union’s cohesion policy and cross-border cooperation, as well as regional blocs in the Americas (Mercosur, CARICOM), Africa (ECOWAS, East African Community), and Asia (ASEAN). Domestic examples include Scotland and Catalonia seeking greater fiscal powers or autonomy, and Quebec's role within Canada. Benefits often cited are more tailored governance, targeted economic development, and regional resilience; criticisms include potential fragmentation, duplication of standards, and conflicts with national sovereignty. The study of regionalism also engages with questions of subsidiarity, governance capacity, and how regional institutions interact with national and global frameworks.