redheads

Redheads are people whose natural hair color ranges from copper and ginger to deep burgundy. This trait is often accompanied by fair skin and a tendency to freckles, and it can occur with a variety of eye colors, most commonly blue or green.

Genetics: Red hair largely results from variants in the MC1R gene. These variants reduce production of eumelanin and increase pheomelanin, producing red tones. The trait is typically inherited in a recessive pattern, meaning a person usually must inherit two copies of the variant to express red hair, though interactions with other genes can modify the appearance.

Distribution: Red hair is most common in populations of Northern and Western Europe and is rare elsewhere. Globally, about 1-2% of people have natural red hair; in Scotland and Ireland the prevalence is higher, estimated around 10-13% and about 10% respectively.

Physical and health aspects: People with red hair are often lighter-skinned and more prone to sunburn and skin cancer due to lower melanin. Some MC1R variants have been associated with altered pain sensitivity and anesthesia response in certain individuals. Vitamin D synthesis can vary with pigment. No special medical treatment is required beyond standard sun protection and skin care.

Cultural notes: Red hair has appeared in many cultures and historical periods and has generated various myths and stereotypes. In modern media, redheads are represented in diverse ways, but stereotypes should be avoided.