reciprocitat

Reciprocitat, commonly equated with reciprocity, is the social practice of mutual exchange, where individuals or groups provide goods, services, or favors with the expectation of a return of equivalent value in the future. It is a foundational concept in sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science, and it helps explain how cooperative relationships are built and maintained in human societies.

Reciprocitat can take several forms. Generalized reciprocity refers to giving without a specified obligation or a precise accounting of value, often found in close kinship or community settings. Balanced reciprocity involves a direct, timely return of comparable value, with clear expectations about reciprocity. Negative reciprocity describes exchanges aimed at maximizing personal gain, sometimes through bargaining, coercion, or deception; it can erode trust if misused.

In evolutionary and social theory, reciprocitat is linked to reciprocal altruism: individuals cooperate because cooperation yields long-term benefits when reputations are known and cheaters are deterred. Mechanisms such as memory, recognition, and sanctions by the group help sustain reciprocity. Cultural norms, institutions, and legal frameworks also shape what counts as fair return and what happens when obligations are unmet.

Reciprocitat appears in everyday life—from gift-giving and social favors to formal trade agreements and international diplomacy. It can promote social cohesion, reduce transaction costs, and facilitate cooperation beyond kin. Critics note that reciprocity can stabilize unequal relationships, be manipulated, or be difficult to sustain across cultures or large populations.