ransom

Ransom is a payment demanded for the release of a captive or the return of property seized during conflict or crime. The term derives from Old French rançon, meaning payment for release, and entered English in the Middle Ages.

Historically, ransom was a common practice in warfare and feudal society. Captured nobles, soldiers, or townspeople could be held until payment was made, either through private negotiations or the intervention of rulers. Ransom could be used to fund wars or to secure the exchange of prisoners; in some regions, formal ransom markets existed and played a role in political and military dynamics.

In modern times, ransom most often refers to kidnapping for money. A hostage is demanded to be released in exchange for a negotiated sum, sometimes with a deadline. Negotiations may involve families, law enforcement, or professional negotiators; paying ransom is controversial and can carry legal and ethical implications, as it may encourage further crime and create incentives for future kidnappings.

Ransomware is a related term in cybercrime where attackers encrypt data and demand payment for restoration. Victims can be individuals, companies, or public institutions; payments are frequently requested in cryptocurrency and the incident is typically handled through incident response and cybersecurity measures rather than direct negotiation.

Legal and policy considerations vary by jurisdiction. Some authorities discourage or prohibit paying ransoms to avoid funding criminal activity, while others may permit under certain circumstances or provide guidance. The concept of ransom thus intersects with ethics, law, security, and international relations.