rabiesrisicos

Rabiesrisicos (rabies risks) refers to the potential for exposure to the rabies virus and the public health considerations surrounding prevention and control. Rabies is a viral zoonosis caused by lyssaviruses that circulate in mammals and are transmitted mainly through the saliva of an infected animal, typically via bites or scratches. In humans, rabies is almost always fatal once neurological symptoms develop, but prompt preventive measures can prevent disease after exposure.

Transmission and hosts: The primary source of human rabies worldwide is dogs, but a variety of wildlife species such as bats, foxes, raccoons, and skunks can also transmit the virus depending on the region. Exposure occurs when infected saliva enters a wound or mucous membranes. The burden and transmission patterns vary by country and depend on dog vaccination coverage and wildlife control.

Incubation and symptoms: The incubation period is commonly 1 to 3 months but can range from days to years. Early symptoms are nonspecific, including fever, malaise, and tingling at the bite site. As the disease progresses, patients may experience anxiety, agitation, hydrophobia (fear of water), excessive salivation, confusion, and paralysis, leading to coma and death.

Diagnosis and treatment: Rabies diagnosis is laboratory-based, using samples such as saliva, serum, spinal fluid, or brain tissue. There is no effective treatment once clinical symptoms appear. Prevention after exposure is essential and includes immediate wound cleansing, administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) when indicated, and a course of rabies vaccine (post-exposure prophylaxis, PEP).

Prevention and control: Core strategies include mass vaccination of dogs, animal bite management, surveillance, and public education. For high‑risk groups, pre‑exposure vaccination may be recommended. Effective prevention has reduced rabies deaths in many regions, though risks remain where animal vaccination and access to PEP are limited.