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Pyuria refers to the presence of an abnormal number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the urine, typically exceeding 10 per high-power field under microscopic examination. It is commonly associated with inflammation or infection of the urinary tract, though other conditions can also lead to its occurrence. The term derives from the Greek words *pyrus* (pus) and *uria* (urine), reflecting the pus-like appearance of urine when white blood cells are present in high concentrations.

Pyuria is often a symptom of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can affect the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Conditions such as cystitis (bladder inflammation), pyelonephritis (kidney infection), and urethritis (urethral inflammation) frequently present with pyuria alongside symptoms like dysuria (painful urination), frequency, and urgency. In some cases, pyuria may occur without bacterial infection, particularly in conditions like interstitial cystitis or sterile pyuria, where immune responses contribute to inflammation without detectable pathogens.

Diagnosis of pyuria typically involves a urinalysis, where urine is examined under a microscope for white blood cells. Additional tests, such as urine culture, may be performed to identify bacterial causes. Pyuria can also be evaluated using dipstick tests, which detect leukocyte esterase, an enzyme released by white blood cells. However, these tests are less specific and may yield false positives or negatives.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Bacterial infections are usually managed with antibiotics, while non-infectious causes may require anti-inflammatory medications or other targeted therapies. Proper hydration and preventive measures, such as maintaining good urinary hygiene, can help reduce the risk of recurrent UTIs. In some cases, further evaluation by a healthcare provider is necessary to rule out more serious conditions, such as kidney stones or structural abnormalities.