UTIs

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that can involve any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that enter the urinary tract and ascend from the urethra to the bladder, with the most common pathogen being Escherichia coli. Other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterococcus species, can also cause UTIs. UTIs are categorized by location as lower tract infections (bladder or urethra) or upper tract infections (kidneys).

Symptoms vary by location. Lower UTIs often cause dysuria, a frequent urge to urinate, urgent need to urinate, nocturia, pelvic or lower abdominal discomfort, and sometimes cloudy or foul-smelling urine or mild hematuria. Upper UTIs may present with fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and malaise, indicating possible kidney involvement.

Risk factors include female anatomy with a shorter urethra, sexual activity, menopause, urinary retention, catheter use, kidney stones, diabetes, and immune suppression. Pregnancy and certain structural abnormalities also affect risk and management.

Diagnosis typically involves clinical assessment and urinalysis, which may show white blood cells, nitrites, or bacteria. A urine culture is used when infection is complicated, recurrent, or not responding to initial therapy. Imaging or further testing is reserved for suspected kidney involvement or unusual cases.

Treatment relies on antibiotics, with duration tailored to the infection’s location and severity. Adequate hydration and symptom relief measures are common components of care. Prevention focuses on hydration, urinating after intercourse, and good personal hygiene. Prompt treatment reduces the risk of complications such as kidney infection or sepsis.