punkció

Punkcie (punkció) is a medical procedure that involves inserting a needle or cannula through the skin or another tissue to obtain material for examination or to introduce substances. The term is used in several languages to denote puncture procedures and encompasses a range of techniques performed for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Common examples include lumbar puncture, or puncture of the lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid or measure opening pressure; amniocentesis, which collects amniotic fluid during pregnancy; thoracentesis, for removing or sampling fluid from the pleural space; paracentesis, to drain or analyze ascitic fluid from the abdominal cavity; arthrocentesis, puncture of a joint to analyze synovial fluid or relieve effusion; and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, which obtain marrow samples from the bone marrow for hematologic assessment. Fine-needle aspiration is another widely used technique for sampling masses or lesions with a thinner needle.

Indications for punkció include investigation of infections, malignancies, inflammatory or metabolic disorders, assessment of disease processes, measurement of pressures, and the administration of medications directly into a body cavity, joint, or the intrathecal space. Contraindications commonly include coagulopathy or bleeding disorders, infection at the puncture site, increased risk of herniation with procedures like lumbar puncture in patients with raised intracranial pressure, and inability to cooperate or remain still during the procedure.

Risks are generally related to needle insertion and may include pain, bleeding, infection, injury to nearby structures, and, in rare cases, nerve or organ damage. Proper sterile technique, imaging guidance when appropriate, and patient monitoring are essential components of safe punkció.