psykostimulantia

Psykostimulantia, or psychostimulants, are drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system. They typically improve alertness, concentration, energy, and mood and can produce euphoria. Most act by increasing extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine, through promoting release, blocking reuptake, or both; some also affect serotonin or other systems.

Common examples include prescription stimulants such as amphetamine preparations and methylphenidate, used for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Methamphetamine is a more potent analogue. Cocaine is an illicit stimulant that rapidly blocks monoamine reuptake. Modafinil and armodafinil are wakefulness-promoting agents with stimulant-like effects.

Medical uses: They are prescribed for ADHD and narcolepsy; sometimes for obesity or fatigue conditions and in certain cases of treatment-resistant depression. They may be used off-label and under careful supervision, with attention to dosage and monitoring for adverse effects.

Risks: Psychostimulants carry risks of dependence and abuse, tolerance, and withdrawal. Acute dangers include hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmias, stroke, hyperthermia, agitation, and psychosis. Long-term use may contribute to cardiovascular disease, cognitive or emotional problems, and dental issues (especially with some methamphetamines).

Regulation and history: Most psychostimulants are controlled medicines, available only by prescription in many countries. They were developed and used clinically in the 20th century and have since been subject to regulation and ongoing research into therapeutic benefits and harm reduction.