prósocial

Prósocial is a term used in psychology and social science to describe behavior intended to benefit others or society as a whole. Examples include helping someone in need, sharing resources, cooperating during tasks, volunteering, and charitable giving. Prosocial actions may be voluntary or socially encouraged, and they can be motivated by empathy, moral values, or expectations of reciprocity or social approval.

Origin and scope: The term derives from pro- meaning in favor of and social. It is often used interchangeably with "prosocial behavior" in English-language literature. Prosocial behavior is distinct from antisocial behavior, which harms or disregards the well-being of others. While prosocial acts can be voluntary, they may also arise from social norms, institutional obligations, or cultural expectations.

Theoretical approaches: Several theories seek to explain prosocial behavior. Altruism emphasizes actions intended to benefit others without direct personal gain. Reciprocal altruism suggests benefit through future exchanges or relationships. Social exchange theory frames prosocial acts as investments that yield rewards such as social approval or status. The empathy–altruism hypothesis links empathic concern to helping, while social learning theory highlights the role of observation, modeling, and cultural norms in shaping prosocial conduct.

Development and measurement: Prosocial tendencies emerge in early childhood and are influenced by caregiving styles, family and peer models, and cultural context. They are measured through behavioral observations and self- or informant-report scales assessing helping, sharing, and cooperation across settings.

Applications and debates: Prosocial behavior is a focus in education, organizational psychology, and public policy aimed at fostering cooperation and civic engagement. Debates continue about the degree to which prosocial actions are truly altruistic versus driven by self-interest or reputational concerns.