provocados

Provocados is the masculine plural past participle of the verb provocar. In Spanish, it functions as an adjective or as part of compound tenses in the passive voice, agreeing in gender and number with the noun it describes. Common uses include phrases such as eventos provocados, daños provocados or efectos provocados, where it denotes things that have been brought about or caused by a person, action, or circumstance.

Etymology and formation: Provocar comes from Latin provocare, with the standard Spanish participle ending -ado to form provocado. The feminine singular is provocada, the feminine plural provocadas, and the masculine plural provocados. As a participle, it can be used with different auxiliary verbs to indicate tense or voice, for example ha provocado (has provoked) or fue provocado (was provoked).

Usage considerations: Provocado contrasts with provocador, which refers to a person who provokes (the instigator), and with provocación, the act or tactic of provoking. The nuance of provocado depends on context: it can describe intentional provocation or incidental causation. In most cases, it precedes a noun to specify the effects or outcomes that have been produced.

Examples: Las consecuencias provocadas por la contaminación son objetivas de estudiar. Las reacciones provocadas por la noticia sorprendieron a muchos. Estas frases illustrate how the term links a noun to its cause or effect.

In translation, contexto determines whether provocado means “provoked,” “caused,” or “induced.” It remains a descriptive, non-nominal form when used in everyday Spanish.