proinflamatuar

Proinflamatuar, often written as proinflammatory or pro-inflammatory, is an adjective used to describe signals, mediators, or responses that promote inflammation. Inflammation is a protective host response to infection, injury, or irritation, intended to eliminate the cause and initiate repair. Proinflammatory factors include cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6); chemokines; eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes; and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. These mediators are produced by immune and tissue-resident cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and neutrophils, in response to pathogens, trauma, or stress.

Proinflammatory signaling promotes vascular changes, such as increased permeability and vasodilation, and recruits leukocytes to sites of injury. It also elevates body temperature and systemic acute-phase responses. While essential for host defense and tissue repair, excessive or chronic proinflammatory activity can cause tissue damage and contribute to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, obesity-related inflammation, and sepsis.

Regulation of proinflammatory responses involves anti-inflammatory mediators (for example IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta) and specialized pro-resolving mediators that help conclude inflammation. Therapeutically, proinflammatory pathways are targets for drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and biologics that inhibit TNF or IL-6 signaling.