prision

A prison is a secure facility designed to confine individuals convicted of crimes and sentenced by the judicial system. The term is English; in other languages it may appear as prisión (Spanish) or prision as a transliteration. Prisons are part of the criminal justice system and are governed by national or subnational authorities. They differ from jails, which typically hold people awaiting trial or serving short sentences, whereas prisons house convicted offenders serving longer terms.

The primary purposes of imprisonment are punishment, deterrence, incapacitation, and, in many systems, rehabilitation. Prisons provide basic living conditions, medical care, and access to education, vocational training, and substance abuse or mental health programs aimed at reducing reoffending.

Facilities vary by security level and design. Most systems operate multiple levels such as minimum, medium, and maximum security, and sometimes supermax institutions. Prisons are organized into housing units, with cells or dormitory spaces, work and program areas, and restricted movement. Practices differ widely; some countries emphasize coercive discipline, others emphasize rehabilitation and humane treatment, including oversight to protect inmates’ rights.

Historically, the modern penitentiary emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries, with competing models such as the separate confinement of the Pennsylvania system and the congregate Auburn system. Over time, emphasis shifted toward reform, classification, and parole, though the balance between punishment and treatment remains debated, and many systems face challenges such as overcrowding and limited resources.

Contemporary discussions focus on reducing recidivism through education, health care, and reentry support, while considering alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders. The design and governance of prisons reflect legal norms, public safety goals, and social values in each country.