pressivabadus

Pressivabadus, or freedom of the press, is the principle that journalists and media organizations operate independently from government or other powerful interests. It includes the right to investigate, report, and publish information and opinions, protect confidential sources, and contribute to public debate. It is not absolute and may be restricted by laws that pursue legitimate aims such as national security, privacy, or defamation, when necessary and proportionate.

Legal and international framework: Freedom of expression and press freedom are protected by national constitutions and by international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Realization depends on media plurality, access to information, fair regulation, and safeguards against censorship and political interference. Media landscapes range from independent outlets to state-controlled systems.

Functions and impact: a free press informs citizens, acts as a watchdog on power, and supports accountable governance. It enables transparency through reporting on public affairs and investigative journalism, while journalistic ethics promote accuracy, fairness, and verification.

Challenges: journalists may face political pressure, censorship, legal harassment, violence, and economic pressures. Digital platforms, surveillance, misinformation, and cross-border information flows create additional risks. In some contexts, advertising dependence, licensing regimes, or retaliatory lawsuits can undermine independence.

Measurement and institutions: press freedom is monitored by organizations such as RSF and Freedom House, which publish rankings and reports. Independent press councils, ombudspersons, and professional associations provide ethical guidance and safety resources for journalists.