presbiterian

Presbiterian, a variant spelling of Presbyterian, refers to anything pertaining to Presbyterianism, a branch of Protestant Christianity. The term derives from the Greek presbyteros, meaning elder. Presbyterianism emerged in the 16th century during the Reformation, taking shape in Scotland under John Knox and drawing on the reforms of continental theologians such as John Calvin. It spread to Ireland, England, and later to North America and other parts of the world, developing a family of churches with shared theological and organizational features.

A defining feature of Presbyterianism is its church governance, known as presbyterian polity. Local congregations are governed by a body of elders—teaching elders (ministers) and ruling elders (lay leaders)—in a session. Broader oversight occurs through a hierarchy of councils: presbyteries, and in many traditions synods or general assemblies. This system emphasizes collective discernment and excludes a bishops’ office as the primary governance structure, unlike episcopal churches.

Theology within Presbyterianism is Reformed, often expressed through confessions and catechisms. Key standards include the Scots Confession and the Westminster Confession of Faith, along with the Larger and Shorter Catechisms. Central themes include the sovereignty of God, covenant theology, and justification by grace through faith.

Today, Presbyterian churches exist worldwide with diverse practices and social stances. While many ordain women and engage in ecumenical work, positions on issues such as LGBTQ inclusion vary by denomination. Major historic centers include the Church of Scotland, the Presbyterian Church (USA), and the Presbyterian Church in Canada.