prematurityrelated

Prematurity-related refers to health problems and care associated with birth before 37 weeks. Premature birth is categorized by gestational age: extremely preterm (<28 weeks), very preterm (28–32 weeks), and moderate to late preterm (32–<37 weeks).

Common prematurity-related complications include respiratory distress syndrome, apnea of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and retinopathy of prematurity. Gastrointestinal issues such as necrotizing enterocolitis, feeding intolerance, and growth failure are also observed.

Care in neonatal intensive care units centers on supporting breathing, circulation, nutrition, and infection prevention. Interventions may include noninvasive ventilation or intubation with surfactant, careful fluid and glucose management, and staged advancement of enteral feeding, with ongoing monitoring.

Outcomes vary with gestational age and comorbidity. Survival has improved, but prematurity-related problems can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental impairment, motor or cognitive difficulties, and sensory issues. Many children require ongoing developmental assessments and early intervention services.

Prevention focuses on antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation when preterm birth is anticipated, magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection in eligible cases, and delayed cord clamping. Access to comprehensive prenatal care, infection prevention, and family-centered NICU care also reduce risk.