preauricular

Preauricular is an anatomical term describing structures or conditions located in front of the ear. It is used to describe both normal anatomy and congenital abnormalities of the region. The word derives from the Latin praee, meaning before, and auricularis, pertaining to the ear.

Preauricular abnormalities are usually congenital. The most common are preauricular sinuses (pits) and preauricular tags. Preauricular sinuses are small openings or blind tracts that lie near the anterior margin of the ear. They arise from developmental variations during formation of the external ear, typically involving the first and second pharyngeal arches. Many remain asymptomatic, but they can become inflamed or infected, presenting with swelling, tenderness, discharge, or abscess formation. Preauricular tags are small skin lesions near the front of the ear and may occur alone or with other craniofacial anomalies. Both conditions are generally benign, though they can be seen in certain congenital syndromes, notably Branchio-oto-renal syndrome, which can include hearing loss and renal abnormalities.

Clinical evaluation is primarily by physical examination. Imaging is not routinely required but may be used to map a sinus tract if surgical planning is needed or if there is suspicion of deeper anomalies. Infected pits require management with appropriate antibiotics and, if necessary, drainage. Definitive treatment for a persistent tract is complete surgical excision to minimize recurrence.

In asymptomatic individuals, no treatment is necessary. Recurrent infection or cosmetic concerns may prompt referral to a specialist for management.