povidoniodine

Povidone-iodine, also known as iodopovidone, is a broad‑spectrum antiseptic used to sanitize skin, mucous membranes, and surfaces before procedures and for wound care. It is a chemical complex in which elemental iodine is bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone), a water‑soluble carrier that gradually releases active iodine.

The antiseptic effect of povidone-iodine derives from free iodine, which rapidly penetrates microorganisms and disrupts proteins and nucleic acids. This gives it activity against a wide range of pathogens, including many bacteria (gram‑positive and gram‑negative), viruses, and fungi. The effectiveness depends on the concentration of available iodine, the contact time, and the presence of organic matter that can inactivate iodine.

Common uses include preoperative skin preparation to reduce surgical site infections, cleansing of wounds and minor cuts, and hand or surface disinfection in clinical settings. It is also used in some dental and ENT procedures and may appear in mouthwashes or topical formulations for mucosal cleansing. Various formulations exist, including solutions, tinctures, creams, and ointments, with typical povidone‑iodine products containing around 5–10% available iodine.

Safety and precautions: povidone‑iodine should not be used by people with known iodine allergy or significant thyroid disease without medical advice. Caution is advised for pregnancy and lactation, and for extensive use over large surface areas or open wounds due to potential systemic absorption, which can affect thyroid function. Local adverse effects include skin irritation, allergic reactions, and staining of skin or fabrics. As with all antiseptics, follow product instructions and consult a clinician for use on large wounds or in vulnerable populations.