povidonejodium

Povidone-iodine is an antiseptic preparation consisting of elemental iodine complexed with polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone). The complex acts as a reservoir that releases iodine gradually, providing antimicrobial activity while reducing the risk of irritation compared with iodine solutions alone.

The antiseptic effect of povidone-iodine arises from the released iodine, which penetrates microbial cells and oxidizes proteins and nucleic acids. It offers broad-spectrum activity, including bacteria (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative), fungi, viruses, and some protozoa. Sporicidal activity is variable and often depends on concentration and exposure time. Povidone-iodine is typically used where rapid, broad antimicrobial action is desired.

Povidone-iodine is available in various formulations, including solutions, tinctures, ointments, and swab preparations. Concentrations vary, with products that provide different amounts of available iodine. Common uses include preoperative skin preparation, wound cleansing, and disinfection of skin and mucous membranes. It is also used in some mouthwashes and throat gargles, as well as in certain outpatient antiseptic applications.

Safety considerations include the potential for skin irritation or allergic contact dermatitis, discoloration of treated skin or clothing, and limited systemic absorption with extensive use. Caution is advised in individuals with known iodine allergy, thyroid disorders, or pregnancy and in newborns, where prolonged or extensive topical exposure may affect thyroid function. Povidone-iodine should be used according to product instructions and clinical guidelines.

Povidone-iodine is widely available as an over-the-counter antiseptic in many countries and is stored at room temperature, away from direct heat and moisture.