polymererne

Polymererne are large molecules composed of repeating units known as monomers. They occur naturally, including DNA, proteins (polypeptides), cellulose, starch, and natural rubber, and are synthesized for industrial use, such as polyethylene, polystyrene, and nylon.

Their structure and properties depend on the monomer, chain length, architecture (linear, branched, crosslinked), and degree of crystallinity. High molecular weight can improve mechanical strength and heat resistance, while tacticity and branching influence melting points and stiffness. The arrangement of monomer units and the presence of crystalline versus amorphous regions determine properties such as elasticity, transparency, and chemical resistance.

Polymerization methods are divided into addition (chain-growth) polymerization and condensation (step-growth) polymerization. Addition polymerization includes radical, anionic, cationic, and coordination polymerizations; condensation polymerization releases small molecules such as water or methanol. Processing conditions, catalysts, and monomer reactivity shape the final material’s performance and manufacturability.

Types include thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. Natural polymers contrast with synthetic ones, and common examples span packaging (polyethylene), textiles (polyester, nylon), and coatings (polyurethane, epoxy). Thermoplastics can be remelted and reshaped, while thermosets form irreversible networks. Elastomers provide elasticity and damping, as seen in rubbers and silicone materials.

Applications span everyday goods, biomedical devices, electronics, and construction, reflecting the versatility of polymererne. Development focuses on performance, processing, and sustainability. Environmental considerations include recycling challenges, persistence in the environment, microplastics, and efforts to develop bio-based, biodegradable, or recyclable polymers.