polydontia

Polydontia, also known as hyperdontia or supernumerary teeth, is a developmental anomaly characterized by the presence of one or more extra teeth in excess of the normal number. These extra teeth can appear anywhere in the dental arch, though they are most commonly found in the upper jaw, particularly between the central incisors. Supernumerary teeth can vary in shape and size, ranging from small, rudimentary structures to fully formed teeth that resemble the normal dentition.

The exact cause of polydontia is not fully understood, but it is believed to have a genetic component and can be associated with certain inherited syndromes such as Gardner syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, and Down syndrome. Environmental factors may also play a role. In some cases, polydontia occurs in isolation without any apparent underlying syndrome.

The presence of supernumerary teeth can lead to various dental complications. These include crowding of teeth, displacement of normal teeth, impaction of adjacent teeth, delayed eruption of permanent teeth, and malocclusion. They can also interfere with the normal development of the jawbone and may cause aesthetic concerns. In some instances, supernumerary teeth are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during routine dental examinations.

Diagnosis of polydontia is typically made through dental radiography, such as panoramic X-rays or intraoral films, which reveal the presence and location of the extra teeth. Treatment depends on the number, location, and impact of the supernumerary teeth. Options may include observation if the extra teeth are not causing any issues, orthodontic treatment to align the teeth, or surgical extraction of the supernumerary teeth to prevent or resolve complications.