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Politeness is a social construct that guides how individuals interact with each other in a way that is considered socially acceptable and respectful. It involves a set of behaviors, verbal cues, and non-verbal signals that aim to minimize offense, express consideration, and foster positive relationships. The specific manifestations of politeness can vary significantly across different cultures, languages, and social contexts.

Common elements of politeness include the use of formal address, polite vocabulary, and indirect language. For instance, instead of making a direct request, one might phrase it as a question or a suggestion. Non-verbal politeness can involve maintaining appropriate eye contact, smiling, nodding, and respecting personal space. The underlying principle is often about acknowledging and respecting the face needs of others, which refers to their public self-image and their desire to be approved of and not imposed upon.

In communication, politeness strategies are employed to mitigate face-threatening acts, which are actions that potentially challenge someone's positive or negative face. For example, apologizing is a politeness strategy to mitigate the face-threatening act of making a mistake. Conversely, offering praise can be a way to support someone's positive face. Understanding and applying politeness norms are crucial for effective social interaction, facilitating cooperation, and maintaining harmony within communities.