polarisibilitou

Polarisibilitou is the instrumental form of the Czech noun polarisibilita, which corresponds to the English term polarizability. It denotes the property of a system—typically an atom or molecule—whose electron cloud can be distorted by an external electric field, giving rise to an induced dipole moment.

In quantitative terms, polarizability is a measure of how readily the charge distribution within a particle can be displaced. The induced dipole moment p is commonly related to the applied electric field E by p = αE, where α is the polarizability. For anisotropic systems, α is better described as a tensor, while many practical cases use an isotropic average ᾱ. Polarizability is often expressed in cubic angstroms (ų) or in units derived from the relation p = αE, which can also be framed in SI units.

Measurement and computation of polarisibilita involve experimental and theoretical approaches. Experimentally, polarizability can be inferred from optical properties such as refractive index and dielectric constant, or from dispersion-related measurements. The Clausius–Mossotti relation provides a link between macroscopic dielectric properties and molecular polarizability. Theoretically, polarizability is calculated using quantum chemical methods, including Hartree–Fock and density functional theory, with longer-range interactions often treated by more advanced post-Hartree–Fock techniques.

Polarisibilitou is central to several phenomena and applications, including van der Waals (dispersion) forces, molecular refractivity, and nonlinear optical responses. It influences material design in optics, chemistry, and condensed matter physics, where accurate knowledge of polarizability informs predictions of stability, interactions, and response to external fields.

See also: polarizability, dielectric constant, refractive index, Clausius–Mossotti relation, non-linear optics.