pneumatisches

Pneumatic systems use compressed air as a working medium to transmit and control energy. The German term pneumatisches is the adjectival form of pneumatic, and appears in compound terms such as pneumatische Zylinder (pneumatic cylinders). Pneumatic technology is distinct from hydraulics, which use liquids, and from electric actuators, and is widely used for simple, fast, and safe actuation.

How it works: A compressor raises air pressure and fills a reservoir; air is conditioned via filters and lubricators and regulated by pressure regulators. Directional control valves select the path of the air to actuators such as cylinders (linear motion) or rotary motors. When air enters an actuator, it produces motion; exhaust air is vented to atmosphere. The system stores energy as compressed air and releases it as needed.

Components and design considerations: Core elements include compressors, receivers, regulators, filters, lubricators, valves, hoses, and actuators. Operating pressures commonly range from 2 to 8 bar, with higher pressures used for specific applications. Design emphasizes avoiding leaks, reducing pressure drop, and ensuring moisture separation and filtration to protect components.

Applications, advantages, and limitations: Pneumatic systems provide fast, lightweight actuation, simple control, and safe operation in potentially explosive or dirty environments. They are easy to maintain and relatively inexpensive to install. Limits include lower force density than hydraulics, less precise control due to compressibility, energy losses from leaks and throttling, and noise from exhaust. International standards, such as ISO 4414, govern general rules, safety requirements, and component performance for pneumatics.