plebiscite

A plebiscite is a direct vote by the eligible population on a specific public question or proposal, such as a constitutional amendment, a government policy, a treaty, or the legitimacy of a ruler or regime. The term, derived from Latin, conveys the idea of appealing directly to the people rather than through elected representatives.

The legal effect of a plebiscite varies by country. In some jurisdictions the result is binding and requires government action or constitutional change, while in others it is advisory and intended to gauge public opinion without mandating a particular outcome. Plebiscites are typically called by the executive branch or, in some constitutional systems, by the legislature or a constitutional framework itself. Procedures—eligibility, voting method, turnout thresholds, and the timing of implementation—are determined by law or the constitution.

Plebiscites are closely related to referendums, but usage can differ by country. In some places, the terms are used interchangeably; in others, a plebiscite denotes a non-binding opinion poll or a single-question vote on a policy rather than a broad constitutional question. Critics warn that plebiscites can oversimplify complex issues, be shaped by political campaigns, or bypass deliberative processes, while supporters argue they provide clear authorization or rejection from the public.

Historically notable plebiscites include votes used by rulers or regimes to legitimize power, such as those during the Napoleonic era, and modern examples where populations decide on significant political changes, including votes on extending or limiting political authority in various countries.