pitrs

Pitrs, or Pitṛs, are the spirits of one's paternal ancestors in Hinduism and related Indian traditions. The term comes from Sanskrit pitṛ, meaning father or ancestor. In Hindu cosmology, the pitrs are believed to continue to exist after death and to influence the fortunes of the living; they are often regarded as benevolent guardians when properly honored, but neglect can bring misfortune. The obligation to honor the pitrs is central to the ancestor rites known as Shraddha. The most widely observed annual form is Pitru Paksha, a 16-day period in the Hindu lunar calendar during which offerings are made to the pitrs.

Rites typically include tarpan, the offering of water mixed with sesame seeds or barley, performed to appease the souls of ancestors. Pind dan, the giving of rice balls, may accompany tarpan to provide a symbolic body for the deceased. Prayers and mantras recited during Shraddha honor the pitrs and ask for their blessings for current generations, including long life, prosperity, and peace. In many communities the eldest son or a designated priest conducts the rites, though women may perform or participate in some regions and households.

Across Indian religious traditions, the concept of ancestors and their reverence remains influential, though the rituals vary by region and sect. The pitrs are commonly linked with the idea of Pitrloka, the realm of the ancestors, and with the debt (pitri rin) traditionally believed to be repaid through rites and offerings.