phonatory

Phonatory refers to phonation, the process by which the vocal folds in the larynx vibrate to produce sound. In humans, phonation is central to speech and singing, and phonatory function depends on coordinated respiratory airflow and laryngeal biomechanics, controlled by neural pathways.

The physical basis involves the vocal folds, which lie within the glottis of the larynx. Air from the lungs passes through the opening, causing the folds to adduct and begin rapid oscillation. The Bernoulli effect and the elasticity of the tissue allow periodic closure and reopening, producing glottal waves and a fundamental frequency. The intrinsic laryngeal muscles, such as the thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid, adjust tension, length, and degree of adduction, while the arytenoid cartilages shape the glottal configuration. A propagating mucosal wave travels along the surface of the folds, contributing to voice quality.

Acoustically, phonation determines pitch, loudness, and timbre. Fundamental frequency correlates with vocal fold length and tension; harmonic structure and spectral characteristics relate to voice quality and phonation type. Speakers may use modal phonation for everyday speech, falsetto for high pitches, or creaky and pressed phonation in other contexts. The quality of phonation is described by attributes such as breathiness, harshness, or roughness.

Clinically, phonatory function is assessed in voice disorders (dysphonia). Evaluation may include laryngoscopy or stroboscopy, high-speed imaging, and acoustic measures such as jitter, shimmer, and harmonic-to-noise ratio. Treatment can involve voice therapy, respiratory support, and, in some cases, surgical or in-office procedures to alter vocal fold vibration or tension.