arytenoid

The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small, pyramid-shaped cartilages in the larynx. They sit on the superior border of the cricoid cartilage at the posterior part of the laryngeal framework and are key components of the glottic region. Each arytenoid consists of a broad base that rests on the cricoid, an apex directed upward, a vocal process projecting anteriorly toward the midline to anchor the vocal ligament, and a muscular process projecting laterally for muscle attachment.

The arytenoids form synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage, known as the cricoarytenoid joints. Through these joints, the arytenoids rock, glide, and rotate relative to the cricoid, allowing the vocal folds to abduct (open) and adduct (close) and to adjust tension. Movement of the arytenoids changes the length and tension of the vocal ligaments, thereby playing a central role in phonation and voice quality. The vocal processes contribute to the medial boundary of the glottis, while the muscular processes serve as attachment points for intrinsic laryngeal muscles, including the posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, and interarytenoid muscles.

Clinical relevance: Arytenoid motion can be disrupted by recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, leading to vocal cord paralysis and hoarseness. Arthritis or other pathology of the cricoarytenoid joint can affect glottic closure. In some cases, procedures such as arytenoidectomy may be performed to address severe airway compromise or certain tumors.

In summary, the arytenoid cartilages are essential structural and functional elements of the larynx, enabling precise control of vocal fold movement and voice production.