philanthropie

Philanthropie is the practice of voluntary giving of time, money, or other resources to promote the welfare of others, typically through organized organizations or initiatives. The term, derived from Greek philos meaning loving and anthropos meaning human being, is used in several languages to describe charitable generosity and civic benevolence. It often implies a structured, strategic approach rather than spontaneous aid.

Historically, philanthropy appears in many cultures through religious charity, almsgiving, and endowments. In the modern sense, it became prominent with the rise of large private fortunes in the 19th and 20th centuries, when foundations funded by individuals and families supported education, science, health, culture, and public policy. Today, philanthropy encompasses endowed foundations, donor-advised funds, corporate giving, social investments, and advocacy aimed at systemic change.

Philanthropy differs from charity in its emphasis on long-term impact, institutional capacity, and problem-solving, often seeking to build knowledge, leverage resources, and influence public or social outcomes. It can complement or critique state provision and market solutions, and it interacts with areas such as philanthrocapitalism, social entrepreneurship, and policy reform.

Common modalities include grantmaking by foundations, endowments, and private trusts, as well as corporate philanthropy and strategic philanthropy that aligns giving with particular social goals. Increasingly, impact investing and measurement practices aim to assess social returns alongside financial ones, though effectiveness and accountability remain ongoing debates.

Global philanthropy is concentrated in a few regions, notably North America and Western Europe, with growing activity elsewhere. Regulation—such as tax incentives, nonprofit status, and reporting requirements—shapes how philanthropy operates in different countries.