petrols

Petrols, commonly called gasoline in North America, are refined petroleum products used primarily as fuels for light internal combustion engines. They are volatile liquids composed mainly of hydrocarbon compounds in the C5 to C12 range and are formulated with additives to improve performance, stability, and engine cleanliness.

Petrols are produced by refining crude oil. The refining process includes distillation, cracking, reforming, and blending to meet regional specifications for octane rating, volatility, and sulfur content. Octane ratings, such as research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON), or the US average (R+M)/2, gauge resistance to engine knocking. Most modern petrol contains detergents and antioxidants, and many blends include oxygenates like ethanol to reduce emissions.

Usage and regulation: Petrol powers spark-ignition engines in cars, motorcycles, and small aircraft. Most markets now require unleaded petrol; leaded petrol has been phased out due to health and environmental concerns. Regulated gasoline often has limits on sulfur content and controlled volatility to minimize evaporative emissions and fuel system deposits.

Environmental and safety: Combustion of petrol releases CO2, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. Evaporative emissions and spills pose risks to air and water quality. Petrol is highly flammable; proper storage, handling, and fire safety measures are essential, along with regulatory labeling and fuel system standards.

Markets and trends: Global petrol supply is tied to crude oil markets, with prices influenced by geopolitical and seasonal factors. Blending trends include higher ethanol or biofuel content in many regions, continued push for lower emissions, and gradual shifts toward electrification, which may reduce petrol demand over time.