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Pesticide is a general term for any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. Pests can include insects, weeds, fungi, rodents, birds, mammals, and microorganisms. Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, forestry, public health, and domestic settings to protect crops, livestock, and human health from the harmful effects of these organisms.

The development and use of pesticides have significantly increased agricultural productivity by reducing crop losses. However, concerns exist regarding their potential impact on human health and the environment. Exposure to pesticides can occur through direct contact, inhalation, or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Potential health effects range from acute poisoning to chronic conditions like cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems, depending on the type of pesticide and the level and duration of exposure.

Environmentally, pesticides can affect non-target organisms, including beneficial insects like pollinators, aquatic life, and wildlife. They can also contaminate soil and water, leading to long-term ecological damage and potential bioaccumulation in food chains. The persistence and mobility of certain pesticides in the environment are key factors in their ecological impact.

Regulatory bodies in many countries oversee the registration, sale, and use of pesticides to ensure their safety and minimize risks. These regulations often involve rigorous testing for efficacy, toxicity, and environmental fate. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach that emphasizes a combination of methods, including biological controls, cultural practices, and judicious pesticide use, to manage pests effectively while minimizing reliance on chemical solutions. The ongoing research aims to develop safer and more targeted pest control alternatives.