pejoración

Pejoración refers to the process by which a word or phrase in a language undergoes a semantic shift toward a more negative or derogatory meaning over time. This linguistic phenomenon is a common aspect of language evolution, where the original connotation of a term gradually changes due to various social, cultural, or contextual influences.

The origins of pejoration can be traced to shifts in societal attitudes, changes in usage patterns, or the influence of other languages. For instance, a word that once carried a neutral or positive meaning may become associated with negative connotations as its context shifts or as new associations develop. This can occur through processes such as metaphorical extension, where a word’s meaning broadens or narrows in a way that introduces negative implications, or through taboo avoidance, where a term becomes stigmatized due to its association with undesirable traits or behaviors.

A well-documented example of pejoration is the English word *gay*, which originally meant "happy" or "carefree" in the 16th century. Over time, its meaning shifted to describe effeminate men, and by the late 20th century, it became strongly associated with homosexuality, often used as an insult. Similarly, the Spanish word *chulo* evolved from a term meaning "stylish" or "dapper" to now primarily denote a pimp or a person who exploits others.

Pejoration contrasts with amelioration, where a word’s meaning becomes more positive over time. Both processes highlight how language is dynamic and responsive to cultural changes. Understanding pejoration helps linguists and historians analyze shifts in societal values, power dynamics, and linguistic usage across different periods.