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Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are decentralized systems where each participant, or peer, has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. Unlike traditional client-server models, P2P networks do not rely on a central server to manage data and resources. Instead, peers share resources directly with each other, creating a more resilient and scalable network.

P2P networks can be categorized into two main types: structured and unstructured. Structured P2P networks use a specific algorithm to organize data and peers, allowing for efficient searching and retrieval. Examples include Chord and Pastry. Unstructured P2P networks, on the other hand, do not impose a specific organization on the network, making them simpler to implement but less efficient for searching. Examples include Gnutella and BitTorrent.

P2P networks have gained popularity due to their ability to distribute workload and resources, reducing the need for centralized infrastructure. They are commonly used for file sharing, streaming, and collaborative computing. However, P2P networks also face challenges such as security, scalability, and the potential for misuse, such as illegal file sharing.

In recent years, P2P networks have evolved to incorporate blockchain technology, creating decentralized applications (dApps) that operate without a central authority. These blockchain-based P2P networks, often referred to as decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), aim to provide transparency, security, and resistance to censorship. Examples include Filecoin and IPFS.